What causes low mood?
Most of us can point to one or more reasons to explain a change in our mood. Perhaps we had a poor night’s sleep, our hormones are out of balance, we’ve not been exercising or we miss seeing friends. It could also be down to stress, genetics or even our environment. These are all valid explanations, but a growing body of evidence points to another factor: the food we eat. Read more about how food influences your mood with our mood-boosting food guide.
Read how to increase your serotonin and ten ways the foods we eat can affect our brain. Plus, find out how to get more active and how to support your immunity.
How does food influence my mental wellbeing?
Food is a powerful reward – eating delicious meals triggers the pleasure centres in our brain to release dopamine. This brain chemical manages our sense of satisfaction, and without it we lose interest, lack motivation and feel lacklustre.
Without doubt some of the pleasure we get from eating certain foods, like chocolate and cake, comes from our culture – we grow up associating these foods with special occasions, rewarding activities and treats. However, the role of food goes beyond being just a comfort – our mental wellbeing and what we eat appear to be intimately entwined. Read on to discover what the science tells us.
What is the research on food and mood?
Over the last decade, our understanding of the complex relationship we have with food has grown exponentially. Recent studies reveal how intricately connected our gut, brain, nervous system and behaviour are. This connection is thought to be multi-modal and operates via physical, chemical and microbial means.
Our gut and brain are physically linked by millions of nerves, the most important of which is the vagus nerve. Chemicals including serotonin, the smile-inducing, feel-good brain chemical, are produced in both the brain and the gut, and communicate via the nervous system, while beneficial gut bacteria play an important regulatory role. These trillions of microbes don’t stop there, they also influence our emotional wellbeing by producing neuroactive substances, including short chain fatty acids (SCFA), which may help lift low moods. That said, there is still much more for us to learn in this area.
Do vitamins and minerals affect mood?
The intricate neural network that makes up our nervous system relies heavily on the food we eat, with key nutrients like omega-3 fatty acids, protein and fibre as well as vitamins like vitamin D, the B complex of vitamins and minerals including zinc and iron all playing a role in helping to keep us positive and happy. Any deficiency in these nutrients will have an impact on the brain and nervous system, which may present as depression as well as poor memory and reduced mental clarity. While the research into brain supportive supplements is generally limited and long-term benefits remain unclear, some nutritional supplements that supply these key nutrients may be helpful, although eating a balanced and varied diet should always be the priority.
How do carbs affect our brains?
The carbs we eat are broken down by the body into glucose. This is our primary fuel source and serves to fuel the muscles during activity, helps generate heat to keep us warm and also fuels the brain; in fact, the brain uses 20% of the body’s total energy resources to support functions like memory, focus and emotional stability.
Complex carbs, like wholegrains, provide a steady source of this required energy, while refined, ‘white’ versions, can cause energy crashes as they are digested more quickly, and a high intake of them may disrupt blood sugar balance and impair memory and mood. This means eating regularly and opting for complex carbs in the form of wholegrain or ‘brown’ versions of foods like rice, pasta and bread is the ideal.
What is the link between low blood sugar and our mood?
When our blood sugar levels are unstable, low levels in the blood can result in insufficient amounts of glucose to meet the brain’s needs. You may first notice this as a lack of focus and concentration. Ongoing low blood sugar levels may impair mood, potentially leading to anxiety, irritability, depression, confusion and even anger.
If this sounds familiar, be prepared and keep some healthy snack foods to hand to support your blood sugar levels – useful options include oatcakes with nut butter, unsalted nuts and seeds, plain popcorn, a hard-boiled egg or a sliced apple and cottage cheese.
5 tips for supporting your mood with diet
Start by making these five simple changes to what and how you eat:
1. Eat a minimum of 5-a-day
Studies show that when we eat more fruit and vegetables, we experience a positive effect on our mental health. Including a variety of colourful vegetables in our diet may even help to lower levels of depression. The exact mechanism behind this isn’t fully understood, but it may be because fresh produce is packed with protective antioxidants which help to keep the brain in good health. Certain fruit and vegetables may be even more helpful. Take bananas – they’re a good source of vitamin B6 and supply tyrosine and tryptophan, all of which are needed to make the feel-good brain chemicals dopamine and serotonin. Another helpful hack is to include fruit and vegetables that are rich in the phytochemical quercetin, which inhibits the enzyme that breaks down feel-good hormones. Kale, berries, apples, onions and grapes are all good sources of quercetin.
Top tip: choose whole fruit and vegetables rather than juices. Frozen fruit and vegetables are a great choice when the fresh equivalent is out of season. Give it a go with our recipe for peach & orange yogurt pots with ginger oats.
2. Eat the right fats
The type of fat we eat can affect our mood. That’s because the right fat contributes to the flexible structure of our brain cells and plays an important role in brain development. We typically refer to these fats as essential because we have to get them from the foods we eat. Of particular note are the omega-3 fatty acids, which are found for example in oily varieties of fish such as salmon, trout and sardines. These supply potent forms of omega-3, which is linked to lower levels of depression. Oily fish is also a valuable source of vitamin D, which appears to be helpful in supporting the cognition of older adults.
If you prefer not to eat fish or follow a plant-based diet, look to chia seeds, flaxseeds, hemp seeds and walnuts instead. However, be aware that plant sources supply a less active form of omega-3, so you may need to consider a supplement. A handful of nuts and seeds has additional benefits – they supply mood-boosting nutrients such as tryptophan, the precursor to serotonin, as well as zinc and iron.
Top tip: make at least one portion of your weekly fish intake an oily variety, such as in our coriander salmon with curried quinoa & pomegranate.
3. Eat a low-GI diet
Reducing your sugar intake, eating regular meals and minimising your consumption of refined carbohydrates will help to stabilise blood sugar levels and prevent mood swings. Choose fibre-rich foods with lower GI values and opt for whole foods rather than processed options. Eating this way slows your digestion and allows for a steady and sustained release of glucose, which your brain, mood and energy levels will thank you for.
Top tip: get your sugar hit from whole fruits and sweeter-tasting veggies like sweet potato and beetroot. Start your day with our naturally sweetened homemade muesli with oats, dates & berries and swap sugary drinks for sugar-free options or water – aim for six to eight glasses per day.
4. Eat gut-friendly foods
Frequently dubbed ‘the second brain’, our gut plays an important role in lifting our mood – so following a gut-friendly diet which supports your gut microbiome is key. Minimise your use of processed foods, which often contain additives such as emulsifiers, as these may disrupt beneficial gut bacteria. Include fermented foods such as kefir, sauerkraut, miso, kimchi and live yogurt in your diet each day – these will top up the levels of good gut bacteria.
Wholegrains, as well as legumes, contribute the fibre needed to fuel our gut microbes, so include oats, wholewheat bread or pasta and pulses in your diet.
If you’re not used to eating fibre, start slowly. One option is to support your gut microbes by creating resistant starch – you can do this by cooking and cooling rice, pasta and potatoes. This method of preparation changes the chemical structure of the carbohydrate, creating a starch which behaves more like fibre. This will keep you fuller for longer, slows the release of energy and fuels your gut microbes.
Top tip: when buying fermented foods, check the labels for descriptions such as ‘raw’, ‘unpasteurised’ or ‘contains live cultures’. Or try making your own sauerkraut with our easy recipe.
5. Eat adequate amounts of protein (with carbs)
Levels of the feel-good brain chemicals serotonin and dopamine are influenced by what we eat, as well as the amount of physical activity we do. Our brain uses the amino acid tryptophan to make serotonin, but while it’s plentiful in animal foods like turkey, studies suggest a diet high in protein may lead to more amino acids in the blood, competing with these chemicals.
Therefore, studies suggest eating protein with carbohydrate to help absorb these competing amino acids. This makes it easier for tryptophan to increase serotonin levels.
Top tip: include plant-based sources of tryptophan in your diet, such as sunflower and pumpkin seeds, soya, mushrooms, peas and leafy greens, as well as dairy and poultry. Useful tyrosine-containing foods, which help support dopamine levels, include peanuts, almonds, pumpkin seeds, sesame seeds and soya, as well as lamb, beef and dairy. Enjoy our creamy spinach & mushroom penne.
Get cooking with our top mood-boosting recipes.
If you experience low mood or anxiety, try our diet suggestions to support your mental wellbeing. However, if you are on mood-stabilising medication and/or experience significant mood-related issues, please consult your GP before you make any significant change to your diet. It’s important to seek emergency assistance if you are experiencing thoughts of self-harm.
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This page was reviewed on 2 April 2026 by Kerry Torrens.
Kerry Torrens BSc. (Hons) PgCert MBANT is a BANT registered nutritionist® with a postgraduate diploma in personalised nutrition & nutritional therapy. She is a member of the British Association for Nutrition and Lifestyle Medicine (BANT) and a member of the Guild of Food Writers. Over the last 15 years she has been a contributing author to a number of nutritional and cookery publications including Good Food.
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