FDA and Partners in the Central Coast Agricultural Region of California Share Findings from Multi-year Environmental Study

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration reported that it is sharing initial findings from a multi-year environmental study conducted in California’s Central Coast agricultural region that will inform efforts to further improve the safety of produce — an essential component of a healthy diet. The California Longitudinal Study was conducted in partnership with the Western Center for Food Safety at the University of California, Davis, the California Department of Food and Agriculture, and regional agricultural stakeholders.

The Central Coast of California is farmed year-round and supplies a large volume of produce, which includes more than 400 commodities. However, there have been periodic foodborne illness outbreaks associated with the region, including several that occurred between 2016 and 2020 caused by the same E. coli O157:H7 strain. This study sought to identify environmental factors that significantly contribute to the introduction, persistence, and spread of foodborne pathogens that could contaminate produce prior to harvest. Increasing FDA’s understanding of the ecology of this growing region as it pertains to foodborne pathogens is to the benefit of consumers, producers, academia, and food safety officials as it allows for continued improvement in best growing practices to enhance food safety.

The longitudinal study, which began in 2020, followed an adaptive research design in which sample collection matrices, sites, and frequencies were continually assessed and refined to obtain maximum useful, practical information. Through repeated sample collection, testing, measurement, and analysis, the research team observed trends in pathogen presence in this region over time, providing insightful information on prevalence, location, and potentially influencing factors such as seasonality, weather conditions, and domesticated and wild animal activities on adjacent and nearby land.

Initial findings related to E. coli O157:H7 and other Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) have been posted to the FDA’s California Longitudinal Study webpage and are summarized below:

Animal Sources of Contamination: Fecal samples from rangeland beef cattle, feral pigs, deer, birds, and coyotes were frequent sources of STEC. Viable STEC was recovered from fresh and older, drier feces from livestock and wildlife found in the sampling area. These results suggest that STEC may remain viable in fecal material for extended periods.

Environmental Sources of Contamination: Surface waters and associated sediments may facilitate STEC persistence, and in the case of water, STEC movement in the region. STEC was not recovered in a substantial amount of soil or air samples, indicating that these are not likely impacting the spread of STEC in the region. However, STEC was observed in water and sediment from rivers and creeks, and to a lesser extent in irrigation tailwater and tailwater sediment (accumulations of field runoff from irrigation practices) collected at field edges.

STEC Diversity, Persistence, and Movement: Twelve different E. coli O157:H7 strains were isolated from environmental samples; however, the strain responsible for outbreaks between 2016 and 2020 was not recovered. STEC isolated from wildlife feces genetically matched strains from cattle feces, other wildlife feces, and in some cases, water, sediment, and soil. Six different highly pathogenic STEC serotypes were identified and some strains of these serotypes persisted for nearly two years.

The FDA will engage with stakeholders to further discuss the data and findings from this study and assist stakeholder efforts to develop practices to manage the risks posed by the potential sources of contamination. Additional information and publications will be added to FDA’s California Longitudinal Study webpage as they become available.